Tag: Bluetooth

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Raspberry Pi Pico W as Bluetooth Low Energy Central Device and Peripheral Device

This is a very simple demonstration of the Unsecured Bluetooth Low Energy technology.

I am using two Raspberry Pi Pico W for this.
One will be operated in Central Role and the other will be in the Peripheral Role.

The peripheral device will advertise the temperature data of the rp2040 chip.

The Central device will scan the surrounding and connect to the peripheral device to receive the temperature data.
The central device does not use any passcode or pairing methods to connect to the peripheral device.

Note: You will need ble_advertising.py
You can check the code How to use Bluetooth LE of Raspberry Pi Pico W using MicroPython

ble_Central_device.py
# This example finds and connects to a peripheral running the
# UART service (e.g. ble_simple_peripheral.py).

import bluetooth
import random
import struct
import time
import micropython

from ble_advertising import decode_services, decode_name

from micropython import const

_IRQ_CENTRAL_CONNECT = const(1)
_IRQ_CENTRAL_DISCONNECT = const(2)
_IRQ_GATTS_WRITE = const(3)
_IRQ_GATTS_READ_REQUEST = const(4)
_IRQ_SCAN_RESULT = const(5)
_IRQ_SCAN_DONE = const(6)
_IRQ_PERIPHERAL_CONNECT = const(7)
_IRQ_PERIPHERAL_DISCONNECT = const(8)
_IRQ_GATTC_SERVICE_RESULT = const(9)
_IRQ_GATTC_SERVICE_DONE = const(10)
_IRQ_GATTC_CHARACTERISTIC_RESULT = const(11)
_IRQ_GATTC_CHARACTERISTIC_DONE = const(12)
_IRQ_GATTC_DESCRIPTOR_RESULT = const(13)
_IRQ_GATTC_DESCRIPTOR_DONE = const(14)
_IRQ_GATTC_READ_RESULT = const(15)
_IRQ_GATTC_READ_DONE = const(16)
_IRQ_GATTC_WRITE_DONE = const(17)
_IRQ_GATTC_NOTIFY = const(18)
_IRQ_GATTC_INDICATE = const(19)

_ADV_IND = const(0x00)
_ADV_DIRECT_IND = const(0x01)
_ADV_SCAN_IND = const(0x02)
_ADV_NONCONN_IND = const(0x03)

_UART_SERVICE_UUID = bluetooth.UUID("6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")
_UART_RX_CHAR_UUID = bluetooth.UUID("6E400002-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")
_UART_TX_CHAR_UUID = bluetooth.UUID("6E400003-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")


class BLESimpleCentral:
    def __init__(self, ble):
        self._ble = ble
        self._ble.active(True)
        self._ble.irq(self._irq)

        self._reset()

    def _reset(self):
        # Cached name and address from a successful scan.
        self._name = None
        self._addr_type = None
        self._addr = None

        # Callbacks for completion of various operations.
        # These reset back to None after being invoked.
        self._scan_callback = None
        self._conn_callback = None
        self._read_callback = None

        # Persistent callback for when new data is notified from the device.
        self._notify_callback = None

        # Connected device.
        self._conn_handle = None
        self._start_handle = None
        self._end_handle = None
        self._tx_handle = None
        self._rx_handle = None

    def _irq(self, event, data):
        if event == _IRQ_SCAN_RESULT:
            addr_type, addr, adv_type, rssi, adv_data = data
            if adv_type in (_ADV_IND, _ADV_DIRECT_IND) and _UART_SERVICE_UUID in decode_services(
                adv_data
            ):
                # Found a potential device, remember it and stop scanning.
                self._addr_type = addr_type
                self._addr = bytes(
                    addr
                )  # Note: addr buffer is owned by caller so need to copy it.
                self._name = decode_name(adv_data) or "?"
                self._ble.gap_scan(None)

        elif event == _IRQ_SCAN_DONE:
            if self._scan_callback:
                if self._addr:
                    # Found a device during the scan (and the scan was explicitly stopped).
                    self._scan_callback(self._addr_type, self._addr, self._name)
                    self._scan_callback = None
                else:
                    # Scan timed out.
                    self._scan_callback(None, None, None)

        elif event == _IRQ_PERIPHERAL_CONNECT:
            # Connect successful.
            conn_handle, addr_type, addr = data
            if addr_type == self._addr_type and addr == self._addr:
                self._conn_handle = conn_handle
                self._ble.gattc_discover_services(self._conn_handle)

        elif event == _IRQ_PERIPHERAL_DISCONNECT:
            # Disconnect (either initiated by us or the remote end).
            conn_handle, _, _ = data
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle:
                # If it was initiated by us, it'll already be reset.
                self._reset()

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_SERVICE_RESULT:
            # Connected device returned a service.
            conn_handle, start_handle, end_handle, uuid = data
            print("service", data)
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle and uuid == _UART_SERVICE_UUID:
                self._start_handle, self._end_handle = start_handle, end_handle

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_SERVICE_DONE:
            # Service query complete.
            if self._start_handle and self._end_handle:
                self._ble.gattc_discover_characteristics(
                    self._conn_handle, self._start_handle, self._end_handle
                )
            else:
                print("Failed to find uart service.")

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_CHARACTERISTIC_RESULT:
            # Connected device returned a characteristic.
            conn_handle, def_handle, value_handle, properties, uuid = data
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle and uuid == _UART_RX_CHAR_UUID:
                self._rx_handle = value_handle
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle and uuid == _UART_TX_CHAR_UUID:
                self._tx_handle = value_handle

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_CHARACTERISTIC_DONE:
            # Characteristic query complete.
            if self._tx_handle is not None and self._rx_handle is not None:
                # We've finished connecting and discovering device, fire the connect callback.
                if self._conn_callback:
                    self._conn_callback()
            else:
                print("Failed to find uart rx characteristic.")

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_WRITE_DONE:
            conn_handle, value_handle, status = data
            print("TX complete")

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_NOTIFY:
            conn_handle, value_handle, notify_data = data
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle and value_handle == self._tx_handle:
                if self._notify_callback:
                    self._notify_callback(notify_data)

    # Returns true if we've successfully connected and discovered characteristics.
    def is_connected(self):
        return (
            self._conn_handle is not None
            and self._tx_handle is not None
            and self._rx_handle is not None
        )

    # Find a device advertising the environmental sensor service.
    def scan(self, callback=None):
        self._addr_type = None
        self._addr = None
        self._scan_callback = callback
        self._ble.gap_scan(2000, 30000, 30000)

    # Connect to the specified device (otherwise use cached address from a scan).
    def connect(self, addr_type=None, addr=None, callback=None):
        self._addr_type = addr_type or self._addr_type
        self._addr = addr or self._addr
        self._conn_callback = callback
        if self._addr_type is None or self._addr is None:
            return False
        self._ble.gap_connect(self._addr_type, self._addr)
        return True

    # Disconnect from current device.
    def disconnect(self):
        if self._conn_handle is None:
            return
        self._ble.gap_disconnect(self._conn_handle)
        self._reset()

    # Send data over the UART
    def write(self, v, response=False):
        if not self.is_connected():
            return
        self._ble.gattc_write(self._conn_handle, self._rx_handle, v, 1 if response else 0)

    # Set handler for when data is received over the UART.
    def on_notify(self, callback):
        self._notify_callback = callback


def demo():
    

    not_found = False

    def on_scan(addr_type, addr, name):
        if addr_type is not None:
            print("Found peripheral:", addr_type, addr, name)
            central.connect()
        else:
            nonlocal not_found
            not_found = True
            print("No peripheral found.")

    central.scan(callback=on_scan)

    # Wait for connection...
    while not central.is_connected():
        time.sleep_ms(100)
        if not_found:
            return

    print("Connected")

    def on_rx(v):
        buf1 = bytearray(v)
        print("RX ")
        for _ in v:
            print(chr(_), end='')
        print("")

    central.on_notify(on_rx)

    #with_response = False
    with_response = True

    i = 0
    while central.is_connected():
        try:
            v = str(i) + "_"
            print("TX", v)
            central.write(v, with_response)
        except:
            print("TX failed")
        i += 1
        time.sleep_ms(2000 if with_response else 30)

    print("Disconnected")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    ble = bluetooth.BLE()
    central = BLESimpleCentral(ble)
    while(1):
        demo()
ble_Peripheral_device.py
# This example demonstrates a UART periperhal.

import bluetooth
import random
import struct
import time
from ble_advertising import advertising_payload

from micropython import const

def Temp_sensor():
    # Configure the internal temperature sensor
    sensor_temp = machine.ADC(machine.ADC.CORE_TEMP)
    conversion_factor = 3.3 / 65535
    raw_temp = sensor_temp.read_u16() * conversion_factor
    temperature = (27 - (raw_temp - 0.706) / 0.001721)
    return temperature

_IRQ_CENTRAL_CONNECT = const(1)
_IRQ_CENTRAL_DISCONNECT = const(2)
_IRQ_GATTS_WRITE = const(3)

_FLAG_READ = const(0x0002)
_FLAG_WRITE_NO_RESPONSE = const(0x0004)
_FLAG_WRITE = const(0x0008)
_FLAG_NOTIFY = const(0x0010)

_UART_UUID = bluetooth.UUID("6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")
_UART_TX = (
    bluetooth.UUID("6E400003-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"),
    _FLAG_READ | _FLAG_NOTIFY,
)
_UART_RX = (
    bluetooth.UUID("6E400002-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"),
    _FLAG_WRITE | _FLAG_WRITE_NO_RESPONSE,
)
_UART_SERVICE = (
    _UART_UUID,
    (_UART_TX, _UART_RX),
)


class BLESimplePeripheral:
    def __init__(self, ble, name="mpy-uart"):
        self._ble = ble
        self._ble.active(True)
        self._ble.irq(self._irq)
        ((self._handle_tx, self._handle_rx),) = self._ble.gatts_register_services((_UART_SERVICE,))
        self._connections = set()
        self._write_callback = None
        self._payload = advertising_payload(name=name, services=[_UART_UUID])
        self._advertise()

    def _irq(self, event, data):
        # Track connections so we can send notifications.
        if event == _IRQ_CENTRAL_CONNECT:
            conn_handle, _, _ = data
            print("New connection", conn_handle)
            self._connections.add(conn_handle)
        elif event == _IRQ_CENTRAL_DISCONNECT:
            conn_handle, _, _ = data
            print("Disconnected", conn_handle)
            self._connections.remove(conn_handle)
            # Start advertising again to allow a new connection.
            self._advertise()
        elif event == _IRQ_GATTS_WRITE:
            conn_handle, value_handle = data
            value = self._ble.gatts_read(value_handle)
            if value_handle == self._handle_rx and self._write_callback:
                self._write_callback(value)

    def send(self, data):
        for conn_handle in self._connections:
            self._ble.gatts_notify(conn_handle, self._handle_tx, data)

    def is_connected(self):
        return len(self._connections) > 0

    def _advertise(self, interval_us=500000):
        print("Starting advertising")
        self._ble.gap_advertise(interval_us, adv_data=self._payload)

    def on_write(self, callback):
        self._write_callback = callback


def demo():
    ble = bluetooth.BLE()
    p = BLESimplePeripheral(ble)

    def on_rx(v):
        print("RX", v)

    p.on_write(on_rx)

    i = 0
    while True:
        if p.is_connected():
            # Short burst of queued notifications.
            transmit_msg = "Temperature: "+str(Temp_sensor())
            p.send(str(transmit_msg))
            '''
            for _ in range(3):
                data = "oz"+ str(i) + "_"
                print("TX", data)
                p.send(data)
                i += 1
            '''
            i = i + 1
        time.sleep_ms(1000)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    demo()
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How to use Bluetooth LE of Raspberry Pi Pico W using MicroPython

Step 1: Download the MicroPython UF2 file from the link below

https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/microcontrollers/micropython.html

Download the UF2 file which has Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE support.

Step 2: Put the UF2 file in your raspberry pi pico w

  1. Push and hold the BOOTSEL button and plug your Pico into the USB port of your Raspberry Pi or other computer. Release the BOOTSEL button after your Pico is connected.
  2. It will mount as a Mass Storage Device called RPI-RP2.
  3. Drag and drop the MicroPython UF2 file onto the RPI-RP2 volume. Your Pico will reboot. You are now running MicroPython.
  4. You can access the REPL via USB Serial.

Step 3: Save the following files in your raspberry pi pico w

As you can see in the image, these files should be saved on the raspberry pi pico w. As they will be imported as modules when you write your application code.

[ Click on the file names to see the complete code ]

ble_advertising.py
# Helpers for generating BLE advertising payloads.

from micropython import const
import struct
import bluetooth

# Advertising payloads are repeated packets of the following form:
#   1 byte data length (N + 1)
#   1 byte type (see constants below)
#   N bytes type-specific data

_ADV_TYPE_FLAGS = const(0x01)
_ADV_TYPE_NAME = const(0x09)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID16_COMPLETE = const(0x3)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID32_COMPLETE = const(0x5)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID128_COMPLETE = const(0x7)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID16_MORE = const(0x2)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID32_MORE = const(0x4)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID128_MORE = const(0x6)
_ADV_TYPE_APPEARANCE = const(0x19)


# Generate a payload to be passed to gap_advertise(adv_data=...).
def advertising_payload(limited_disc=False, br_edr=False, name=None, services=None, appearance=0):
    payload = bytearray()

    def _append(adv_type, value):
        nonlocal payload
        payload += struct.pack("BB", len(value) + 1, adv_type) + value

    _append(
        _ADV_TYPE_FLAGS,
        struct.pack("B", (0x01 if limited_disc else 0x02) + (0x18 if br_edr else 0x04)),
    )

    if name:
        _append(_ADV_TYPE_NAME, name)

    if services:
        for uuid in services:
            b = bytes(uuid)
            if len(b) == 2:
                _append(_ADV_TYPE_UUID16_COMPLETE, b)
            elif len(b) == 4:
                _append(_ADV_TYPE_UUID32_COMPLETE, b)
            elif len(b) == 16:
                _append(_ADV_TYPE_UUID128_COMPLETE, b)

    # See org.bluetooth.characteristic.gap.appearance.xml
    if appearance:
        _append(_ADV_TYPE_APPEARANCE, struct.pack("<h", appearance))

    return payload


def decode_field(payload, adv_type):
    i = 0
    result = []
    while i + 1 < len(payload):
        if payload[i + 1] == adv_type:
            result.append(payload[i + 2 : i + payload[i] + 1])
        i += 1 + payload[i]
    return result


def decode_name(payload):
    n = decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_NAME)
    return str(n[0], "utf-8") if n else ""


def decode_services(payload):
    services = []
    for u in decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_UUID16_COMPLETE):
        services.append(bluetooth.UUID(struct.unpack("<h", u)[0]))
    for u in decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_UUID32_COMPLETE):
        services.append(bluetooth.UUID(struct.unpack("<d", u)[0]))
    for u in decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_UUID128_COMPLETE):
        services.append(bluetooth.UUID(u))
    return services


def demo():
    payload = advertising_payload(
        name="micropython",
        services=[bluetooth.UUID(0x181A), bluetooth.UUID("6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")],
    )
    print(payload)
    print(decode_name(payload))
    print(decode_services(payload))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    demo()
ble_simple_peripheral.py
# This example demonstrates a UART periperhal.

import bluetooth
import random
import struct
import time
from ble_advertising import advertising_payload

from micropython import const

_IRQ_CENTRAL_CONNECT = const(1)
_IRQ_CENTRAL_DISCONNECT = const(2)
_IRQ_GATTS_WRITE = const(3)

_FLAG_READ = const(0x0002)
_FLAG_WRITE_NO_RESPONSE = const(0x0004)
_FLAG_WRITE = const(0x0008)
_FLAG_NOTIFY = const(0x0010)

_UART_UUID = bluetooth.UUID("6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")
_UART_TX = (
    bluetooth.UUID("6E400003-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"),
    _FLAG_READ | _FLAG_NOTIFY,
)
_UART_RX = (
    bluetooth.UUID("6E400002-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"),
    _FLAG_WRITE | _FLAG_WRITE_NO_RESPONSE,
)
_UART_SERVICE = (
    _UART_UUID,
    (_UART_TX, _UART_RX),
)


class BLESimplePeripheral:
    def __init__(self, ble, name="mpy-uart"):
        self._ble = ble
        self._ble.active(True)
        self._ble.irq(self._irq)
        ((self._handle_tx, self._handle_rx),) = self._ble.gatts_register_services((_UART_SERVICE,))
        self._connections = set()
        self._write_callback = None
        self._payload = advertising_payload(name=name, services=[_UART_UUID])
        self._advertise()

    def _irq(self, event, data):
        # Track connections so we can send notifications.
        if event == _IRQ_CENTRAL_CONNECT:
            conn_handle, _, _ = data
            print("New connection", conn_handle)
            self._connections.add(conn_handle)
        elif event == _IRQ_CENTRAL_DISCONNECT:
            conn_handle, _, _ = data
            print("Disconnected", conn_handle)
            self._connections.remove(conn_handle)
            # Start advertising again to allow a new connection.
            self._advertise()
        elif event == _IRQ_GATTS_WRITE:
            conn_handle, value_handle = data
            value = self._ble.gatts_read(value_handle)
            if value_handle == self._handle_rx and self._write_callback:
                self._write_callback(value)

    def send(self, data):
        for conn_handle in self._connections:
            self._ble.gatts_notify(conn_handle, self._handle_tx, data)

    def is_connected(self):
        return len(self._connections) > 0

    def _advertise(self, interval_us=500000):
        print("Starting advertising")
        self._ble.gap_advertise(interval_us, adv_data=self._payload)

    def on_write(self, callback):
        self._write_callback = callback


def demo():
    ble = bluetooth.BLE()
    p = BLESimplePeripheral(ble)

    def on_rx(v):
        print("RX", v)

    p.on_write(on_rx)

    i = 0
    while True:
        if p.is_connected():
            # Short burst of queued notifications.
            for _ in range(3):
                data = str(i) + "_"
                print("TX", data)
                p.send(data)
                i += 1
        time.sleep_ms(100)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    demo()

Step 4: Create a simple Bluetooth UART Code

which receives the message “Toggle\r\n” and Toggle the onboard LED and sends the state of the led back to the user.

# Import necessary modules
from machine import Pin 
import bluetooth
from ble_simple_peripheral import BLESimplePeripheral

# Create a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) object
ble = bluetooth.BLE()

# Create an instance of the BLESimplePeripheral class with the BLE object
sp = BLESimplePeripheral(ble)

# Create a Pin object for the onboard LED, configure it as an output
led = Pin("LED", Pin.OUT)

# Initialize the LED state to 0 (off)
led_state = 0
xWR_flag = 0
# Define a callback function to handle received data
def on_rx(data):
    print("Data received: ", data)  # Print the received data
    global led_state,xWR_flag  # Access the global variable led_state
    if data == b'toggle\r\n':  # Check if the received data is "toggle"
        led.value(not led_state)  # Toggle the LED state (on/off)
        led_state = 1 - led_state  # Update the LED state
        xWR_flag = 1

# Start an infinite loop
while True:
    if sp.is_connected():  # Check if a BLE connection is established
        sp.on_write(on_rx)  # Set the callback function for data reception
        if xWR_flag == 1:            
            # Create a message string                
            msg="LED STATE: "
            # Send the message via BLE
            sp.send(msg)
            sp.send(str(led_state))
            sp.send(str("\r\n"))
            xWR_flag = 0
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Battery Monitoring with Led Light Control Using ESP32 Bluetooth for my Solar System

I need to monitor battery voltage to check weather my charging system is working correctly or not. But to do that i have get up and walk with my multimeter towards the battery and i have to take these reading in night.

I placed my battery in a corner where there is very little light. So I added a transistor switch which can be controlled using Bluetooth to turn on the led light. Which provides enough light to act as a night light.

The ESP32 also has an ADC built into it. Which is very poor in terms of accuracy. It gets you the idea that there is something to work with but it does not give very precise reading like a multimeter.

Also, the ESP32 ADC is non-linear. The ADC also has an attenuation feature. Which by default is set to 11db. which gives us a workable range of up to 3.3V. But there are flat-out regions which need to be taken into account if you want to measure anything from this ADC. There is a 0 – 0.2V region in which the value read is constant, and there is a 2.9V to 3.3V region which also gives you constant reading values.

Resolution is 12-bit by default.

To measure a large voltage using this device. I made a voltage divider.

Battery +ve———/\/\/ R1 \/\/\/ ———— Vout —————— /\/\/\/\/ R2 \/\/\/\/ ———-GND

R1 = 10 kilo Ohm

R2 = 1 kilo Ohm

Which gives me a dividing factor of 11.

So if 11 V is available at the battery anode. Then the V out is 1V.

Normally the lead acid battery voltage goes from 10V(fully discharged) to 14.6V(Maximum charge) to 15V(Over Charged)

The ADC values are converted to battery voltage using the following equation

( (analogValue * (3.3/4096 ) ) * ((9820+985)/985) ) + 3.3 

#include "BluetoothSerial.h"

#if !defined(CONFIG_BT_ENABLED) || !defined(CONFIG_BLUEDROID_ENABLED)
#error Bluetooth is not enabled! Please run `make menuconfig` to and enable it
#endif

BluetoothSerial SerialBT;


char var1;
int analogValue;
uint8_t i;
int avg_adc;

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(115200);
  SerialBT.begin("ESP32test"); //Bluetooth device name
  Serial.println("pair it with bluetooth!");
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
 
}

void loop()
{
  /*
   * UART 
   */
  if (Serial.available()) {
  
    SerialBT.write(Serial.read());
  }


/*
 * Bluetooth serial
 */
  if (SerialBT.available()) {
      var1 = SerialBT.read();
    Serial.write(var1);
  }
    if (var1 == '9')
{
  digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
}
else if(var1 == '1')
{
  digitalWrite(2,LOW);
}


avg_adc = 0;
for(i =0 ; i< 100; i++)
{
  avg_adc += analogRead(34);
}
analogValue = avg_adc / 100;

SerialBT.printf("ADC = %d\n",analogValue);
  SerialBT.printf("volt = %f\n",   ( (analogValue * (3.3/4096 ) ) * ((9820+985)/985) ) + 3.3 ) ;
    delay(1000);
}

Since the ADC is not accurate it goes all over the place. To dampen its effect on the reading I am averaging 100 readings of ADC. 

avg_adc = 0;
for(i =0 ; i< 100; i++)
{
  avg_adc += analogRead(34);
}
analogValue = avg_adc / 100;

TIP3055 BJT is used as a low-side switch. R1 gives a base current of 330uA(=3.3/10000) which gets multiplied by the beta or hFE 70 of transistor to get a collector current of 0.023A or 23mA.